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Solitary Islands Marine Park is a marine park in New South Wales State waters, Australia. It adjoins the Solitary Islands Marine Reserve (Commonwealth Waters) and was declared under the ''Marine Parks Act 1997 (NSW)'' in January 1998.〔Commonwealth of Australia. (2001). ''Solitary Islands Marine Reserve (Commonwealth Waters) Management Plan.'' Environment Australia, Canberra.〕 Prior to this it was declared a marine reserve in 1991.〔NSW Marine Parks Authority. (2008). Natural values of the Solitary Islands Marine Park.〕 The Park was one of the first declared in NSW and stretches along the northern NSW coast, from Muttonbird Island, Coffs Harbour, to Plover Island near Sandon River, 75 kilometres to the north. It includes coastal estuaries and lakes and extends from the mean high water mark, to three nautical miles out to sea, covering an area of around 72 000 hectares.〔NSW Marine Parks Authority. (2013). ''Solitary Islands Marine Park - Southern Sanctuary Zone.''〕 There are five main islands in the Park, North Solitary Island, North West Solitary Island, South West Solitary Island (Groper Island), South Solitary Island and Split Solitary Island, as well as other significant outcrops such as Muttonbird Island and submerged reefs. On 15 May 1770, Lieut. James Cook sailed past the Solitary Islands and noted their position in his journal, “Between 2 and 4 we had some small rocky Islands between us and the land the southernmost lies in the Latitude of 30°10' and the northernmost in 29°58' and about 2 Leagues or more from the land.”〔Cook, J. (1771). Journal of H.M.S. Endeavour, 1768-1771 (). Retrieved 20/05/2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms1-s236r〕 He named them the "Solitary Isles" on his chart.〔Cook, J. (1770). A Chart of New South Wales, or the East Coast of New Holland. Discover'd and Explored By Lieutenant J. Cook, Commander of his Majesty's Bark Endeavour, in the Year MDCCLXX. from http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/maps/zoom_au.html〕 ==Ecology== The Solitary Island Marine Park contains a diverse range of habitats including intertidal and subtidal reefs, soft sediments, beaches, seagrass beds, mangroves, saltmarsh and open waters, which support a large variety of fauna and flora.〔 The northern section of the marine park borders the Yuragir National Park,〔 between Sandon River and Red Rock, which contains several open and closed lakes and lagoons. As well as bordering Moonee Beach Nature Reserve, Garby Nature Reserve at Arrawarra, and Coffs Coast Regional Park, it also incorporates Muttonbird Island Nature Reserve, Split Solitary Island Nature Reserve, South West Solitary Island Nature Reserve, North West Solitary Island Nature Reserve, North Rock Nature Reserve, North Solitary Island Nature Reserve and the South Solitary Island Historic Site which covers 11 hectares and incorporates the lighthouse and keepers cottages built in 1879. Prior to European settlement, none of these islands had been inhabited, burned or subject to grazing animals. A fragile balanced ecology had built up over centuries.〔Yeates, N. T. M. (1990). ''Coffs Harbour. Vol 1: Pre- 1880 to 1945''. Coffs Harbour: Bananacoast Printers.〕 The coastal areas adjoining the Marine Park are high in species richness and endemism 〔Chrisp, M. D., Laffan, S., Linder, H. P., & Munro, A. (2001). Endemism in Australian flora. ''Journal of Biogeography, 28'', 183-198. (doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00524.x ) 〕 and the waters around the Solitary Islands are strongly influenced by the warm East Australian Current.〔Zann, L. P. (2000). The Eastern Australian Region: a Dynamic Tropical/Temperate Biotone. ''Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41'', 188-203. (doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00110-7 )〕 The continental shelf of northern NSW lies at the juncture of tropical and temperate oceanographic regions,〔 and the sea temperature patterns within the Solitary Islands region explains the cross-shelf gradients in biotic patterns. Both tropical and temperate faunas overlap here,〔Malcolm, H. A., Davies, P. L., Jordan, A., & Smith, S. D. A. (2011). ''Variation in sea temperature and the East Australian Current in the Solitary Islands region between 2001-2008. Deep Sea Research (Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography), 28''(5), 616-627. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.030 )〕 and for many species the Marine Park may represent either their northern or southern limits. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Solitary Islands Marine Park」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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